Aws s3 describe buckets example

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When a request is received against a resource, Amazon S3 checks the corresponding ACL to verify The following sections describe the XML elements in an S3 Lifecycle configuration. 3. To create an S3 bucket in CDK, we have to instantiate and configure the Bucket class. In general, APIs that apply bucket- and object-level actions are in the Amazon Simple Storage Oct 12, 2023 · Remember that S3 has a very simple structure; each bucket can store any number of objects, which can be accessed using either a SOAP interface or a REST-style API. cp - Copy objects; mv - Move Objects How to create an S3 bucket using Terraform - Example. See also: AWS API Documentation. bz2. Topics. AWS::S3::Bucket MetricsConfiguration (CloudFormation) The Bucket MetricsConfiguration in S3 can be configured in CloudFormation with the resource name AWS::S3::Bucket MetricsConfiguration. Selecting S3 from Service offerings This section provides an overview of CORS. The bucket name must: Be unique within a partition. Amazon S3 buckets# An Amazon S3 bucket is a storage location to hold files. Example 6: Specifying a lifecycle rule for a versioning-enabled bucket. Manage and monitor your storage. Creating a static website using a Retrieves (queries) statistical data and other information about one or more S3 buckets that Amazon Macie monitors and analyzes for an account. Bucket names must also follow the format bucket_base_name--az_id--x-s3 (for example, DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET--usw2-az1--x-s3). For more information, see ObjectLockRule and DefaultRetention. Aug 14, 2017 · Recently, AWS Config announced two new managed rules to detect Amazon S3 buckets that have overly permissive controls. jpg". Dec 6, 2023 · The `createBucket` function provides a way to programmatically create a new bucket in AWS S3 using the AWS SDK for JavaScript. For example: "Principal":{"AWS":"arn:aws:iam::ACCOUNT-NUMBER:user/*"} answered Mar 2, 2018 at 7:42. The rate you’re charged depends on your objects' size, how long you stored the objects during the month, and the storage class—S3 Standard, S3 Intelligent-Tiering, S3 Standard-Infrequent Access, S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access, S3 Express One Zone, S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval Sep 14, 2017 · I am using Postman to send the AWS S3 RestAPI "Get Bucket (Version 2)" to get bucket listing. The console requires permission to list all buckets in the account. Choose the scope of the lifecycle rule: Retrieves (queries) statistical data and other information about one or more S3 buckets that Amazon Macie monitors and analyzes. Example of an object, bucket, and link address. The S3 Bucket name we are going to use is – spacelift-test1-s3. Enable the this rule when you apply ObjectLockConfiguration to a bucket. Example 4: List objects in a specific region. From the AWS console homepage, search for S3 in the services search bar, and click on the S3 service in the search results. This limit is not adjustable. Example 5: Overlapping filters, conflicting lifecycle actions, and what Amazon S3 does with nonversioned buckets. There are two new pagination-hassle-free APIs available: one in AWS SDK for Java 1. If the path argument is a LocalPath , the type of slash is the separator used by the operating system. Setting this header to true causes Amazon S3 to use an S3 Bucket Key for object encryption with SSE-KMS. When you list all of the objects in your bucket, note that you must have the s3:ListBucket permission. The Amazon S3 APIs are grouped into three sets: Amazon Simple Storage Service, AWS S3 Control, and Amazon S3 on Outposts. For example, if you list the objects in an S3 bucket, the console shows the storage class for all the objects in the list. and config files. A resource representing an Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) Bucket: importboto3s3=boto3. In addition to these management capabilities, use Amazon S3 features and other AWS services to monitor and control your S3 resources. Prerequisites. Example 1: Listing all user owned buckets. S3 files are referred to as objects. The function retrieves the S3 bucket name and object key from the event parameter and calls the Amazon S3 API to retrieve and log the content type of the object. For more information about example bucket policies, see Example bucket policies for S3 Express One Zone and Amazon Web Services Identity and Access Management (IAM) identity-based policies for S3 Express One Zone in the Retrieves (queries) statistical data and other information about one or more S3 buckets that Amazon Macie monitors and analyzes for an account. 1. The following example policy allows a set of Amazon S3 permissions in the DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET1/$ { aws:username} folder. This option overrides the default behavior of verifying SSL certificates. Name of bucket is "test-bucket-1. If you use lifecycle_rule on an aws_s3_bucket, Terraform will assume management over the full set of Lifecycle rules for the S3 bucket, treating additional Lifecycle rules as drift. Request Syntax Use these Amazon S3 sample templates to help describe your Amazon S3 buckets with AWS CloudFormation. (Amazon S3) resource and list the buckets in your account. Conclusion. Describes the notification configuration for an Amazon S3 bucket. 2: S3 buckets should prohibit public read access S3. Now click on the option which is “Create bucket” and configure all the options which are shown while configuring. Choose the Management tab, and choose Create lifecycle rule. In addition, you can view compliance of all your S3 buckets against these rules, and receive notifications via Amazon […] The Bucket Ownership Controls in Amazon S3 can be configured in Terraform with the resource name aws_s3_bucket_ownership_controls. To use the AWS CLI to access an S3 bucket or generate a listing of S3 buckets, use the ls command. This example uses the default settings specified in your shared credentials. An S3 Lifecycle configuration can have up to 1,000 rules. AWS S3 CLI has a set of curated commands to address the frequent use cases like list, copy, move etc. Copy the stored AMI object to an S3 bucket in the target partition using a procedure of your choice. Explanation in CloudFormation Registry. Select the policy you created in Step 1: Configure Access Permissions for the S3 Bucket (in this topic). Retrieves (queries) statistical data and other information about one or more S3 buckets that Amazon Macie monitors and analyzes. Navigate to S3. Anonymous requests are never allowed to create buckets. Aug 14, 2019 · You'd need to query a number of different things, for example its bucket policy, its CORS configuration, any ACLs, transfer acceleration configuration, tags, and more. ID element. For more examples, see the Examples section in the AWS::S3::Bucket resource. The name that you assign to an object. This step involves creating a database and two schemas in Snowflake to organize and manage the data that will be loaded using Snowpipe. In this hands-on, user's identity is used to manage the ownership of the objects. For more information, see AWS Free Tier. Static website hosting, data archival, and software delivery are a few general scenarios where S3 would be a perfect tool. Create another S3 bucket for thumbnails. It’s useful in scenarios where an application needs to manage S3 buckets, such as setting up new storage locations on the fly. The name must be unique within the bucket. For example, you might use the AWS::Lambda::Permission resource to grant the bucket permission to invoke an AWS Jun 9, 2024 · AWS Buckets and Objects. Bucket names must begin and end with a letter or number. The subtopics describe how you can enable CORS using the Amazon S3 console, or programmatically by using the Amazon S3 REST API and the AWS SDKs. These policies control what actions users and roles can perform, on which resources, and under what conditions. It allows you to store and retrieve any amount of data at any The object becomes visible in the S3 bucket when the task is completed. You can obtain permissions for AWS CloudShell by attaching the following AWS managed policy to your IAM identity (such as a user, role, or group): To create a bucket, you must set up Amazon S3 and have a valid AWS Access Key ID to authenticate requests. Identity-based policies are JSON permissions policy documents that you can attach to an identity, such as an IAM user, group of users, or role. It is the most widely used storage service from AWS that can virtually hold an infinite amount of data. To download the bucket policy to a file, you can run: aws s3api get-bucket-policy --bucket mybucket --query Policy --output text > policy. Directory bucket names must be unique in the chosen Availability Zone. Jan 12, 2024 · These AWS S3 commands will help you quickly and efficiently manage your AWS S3 buckets and Data. Choose Create bucket. Amazon S3 security best practices. You have now created an IAM policy for a bucket, created an IAM role, and attached the policy to the role. To control how AWS CloudFormation handles the bucket when the stack is deleted, you can set a deletion policy for your bucket. We'll provide instructions and a sample Lambda code that filters virtual private cloud (VPC) flow logs with “action” flag set to Mar 2, 2018 · It is not possible for an Amazon S3 bucket policy to refer to a group of accounts in an AWS Organization. The Bucket Inventory in Amazon S3 can be configured in Terraform with the resource name aws_s3_bucket_inventory. Returns a list of all buckets owned by the authenticated sender of the request. The following sections describe 5 examples of how to use the resource and its parameters. Create an Amazon S3 bucket# The name of an Amazon S3 bucket must be unique across all regions of the AWS platform. If you want to restrict the access, you can explicitly set the s3express:SessionMode condition key to ReadOnly on the bucket. describe_buckets# Macie2. The Create bucket page opens. Jan 19, 2024 · This section contains the Amazon S3 API Reference documentation. To use this operation, you must have the s3:ListAllMyBuckets permission. While actions show you how to call individual service functions, you can see actions in context in their related Examples. 1 and 2001:DB8:1234:5678::1 and denies access to the addresses 203. S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval delivers the fastest access to archive storage, with the same throughput and milliseconds access as the S3 bucket (AWS bucket): A bucket is a logical unit of storage in Amazon Web Services ( AWS ) object storage service, Simple Storage Solution S3 . Syntax. yaml file from the cloned repository, and then choose Next. Managing your storage – After you create buckets and upload objects in Amazon S3, you can manage your object storage. x and another one in 2. The following are example scenarios for using CORS. To get the most out of Amazon S3, you need to understand a few simple concepts. com" (ahadomain. accountId -> (string) The unique identifier for the AWS account that owns the bucket. The following code examples show you how to perform actions and implement common scenarios by using the AWS SDK for JavaScript (v3) with Amazon S3. In this example, the user owns the buckets mybucket and mybucket2. Creating an Amazon S3 bucket with defaults. PDF RSS. Use the AWS SDK for Python (Boto3) to create an Amazon Simple Storage Service. For information about bucket naming restrictions, see Directory bucket naming rules in the Amazon S3 User Aug 11, 2023 · Examples of AWS S3 LS Command. When you no longer need an object or a bucket, you can clean up your resources. Synopsis ¶. The timestamp is the date the bucket was created, shown in your machine's time zone. Bucket names can consist only of lowercase letters, numbers, dots (. Storage pricing. json. (structure) Provides information about an S3 bucket that Amazon Macie monitors and analyzes. ), and hyphens (-). You use the object key to retrieve the object. Dec 5, 2021 · For example, to upload only files having the . Use aws_s3_bucket Resource to Create S3 Bucket. 3: S3 buckets should prohibit public write access S3. The following example uses the get-object command to download an object from Amazon S3: aws s3api get-object --bucket text-content --key dir/my_images. Nov 6, 2011 · For those, who are reading this in 2018+. The following sections describe how to use the resource and its parameters. In the Lambda function, read the uploaded Aug 11, 2023 · A mazon Simple Storage Service (S3) is a scalable and highly durable object storage service provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS). Disable automatic pagination. The following example template shows an S3 bucket with a lifecycle configuration rule. Specifies whether Amazon S3 should use an S3 Bucket Key for object encryption with server-side encryption using Amazon Web Services KMS (SSE-KMS). describe_buckets (** kwargs) # Retrieves (queries) statistical data and other information about one or more S3 buckets that Amazon Macie monitors and analyzes for an account. Disable access control lists (ACLs) S3 Object Ownership is an Amazon S3 bucket-level setting that you can use to control ownership of objects uploaded to your bucket and to disable To list your buckets, folders, or objects, use the s3 ls command. With the similar query you can also list all the objects under the specified “folder Nov 26, 2023 · Step 2: — Creating a Snowflake database and Schema 📁. In the left navigation pane, choose Buckets. Review the final settings for your stack, and then choose Create stack. To list all buckets, users require the GetBucketLocation and ListAllMyBuckets actions for all resources in Amazon S3, as shown in the following sample: Sample 2: Enable AWS Management Console access to May 31, 2011 · Identity-based policies for Amazon S3. Buckets are used to store objects, which consist of data and metadata that describes the data. Configure the first S3 bucket’s event notifications: – Event type: ObjectCreated – Destination: Lambda function created in step 3 5. s3_resource = boto3. Bucket(name) #. The objects are transitioned to Glacier after one day, and deleted after one year. Multi-tenant data can be stored on S3 in multiple ways. You can now check your S3 buckets continuously for unrestricted public write access or unrestricted public read access. 2. All of these things are available from the awscli, for example: aws s3api get-bucket-policy --bucket X. Aug 10, 2020 · S3 is an easy-to-use, scalable, and cheap storage service from Amazon. With S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval, you can save up to 68% on storage costs compared to using the S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA) storage class, when your data is accessed once per quarter. This value is calculated by summing the size of all objects and metadata (such as bucket names) in the bucket (both current and noncurrent objects), including the size of all parts for all incomplete multipart uploads to the bucket. Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) is an object storage service that offers industry-leading scalability, data availability, security, and performance. Example Usage from GitHub. This example shows how to use SSE-KMS to upload objects using server side encryption with a key managed by KMS. Before using anything on this page, please refer to the resources user guide for the most recent guidance on using resources. Bucket('name') Parameters: name ( string) – The Bucket’s name identifier. Specifying this header with an object action doesn’t affect bucket-level settings for S3 Amazon S3 is an object store that uses unique key-values to store as many objects as you want. When data is added to a bucket, Amazon S3 creates a unique version ID and allocates it to the object. For information about Amazon S3 buckets, see Creating, configuring, and working with Amazon S3 buckets . The array contains an object for each bucket that’s in the current AWS Region and matches the filter criteria. Parameters Feb 25, 2024 · For example, If you want to SYNC two s3 buckets. The destination is indicated as a local directory, S3 prefix, or S3 bucket if it ends with a forward slash or back slash. Each bucket and object has an ACL attached to it as a subresource. These are the list of commands available with aws S3 while aws S3API. See Using quotation marks with strings in the AWS CLI User Guide . Enter a name and description for the role, then select Create role. AWS SDK for . You cannot specify Days and Years at the same time. By creating the bucket, you become the bucket owner. Select Next. The code for this article is available on GitHub. We’ll also upload, list, download, copy, move, rename, and delete objects within these These examples will need to be adapted to your terminal's quoting rules. When the policy is evaluated, the policy variable $ { aws:username} is replaced by the requester's username. Choose Choose file, choose the react-cors-spa-stack. For an example of the request syntax for Amazon S3 on Outposts that uses the S3 on Outposts endpoint hostname prefix and the x-amz-outpost-id derived by using the access point ARN, see the Examples section. Sep 24, 2020 · List all of the objects in S3 bucket, including all files in all “folders”, with their size in human-readable format and a summary in the end (number of objects and the total size): $ aws s3 ls --recursive --summarize --human-readable s3://<bucket_name>. The following S3 on Outposts example bucket policy shows how to mix IPv4 and IPv6 address ranges to cover all of your organization's valid IP addresses. Last, you call AWS CLI commands to create an Amazon S3 bucket and add your file as an object to the bucket. Note If you create the target resource and related permissions in the same template, you might have a circular dependency. Example 3: List objects in a human-readable format. By default, the AWS CLI uses SSL when communicating with AWS services. Cross-origin resource sharing: Use-case scenarios. ID length is limited to 255 characters. An object consists of the following: Key. While actions show you how to call individual service functions, you can see actions in context in their May 6, 2013 · For console access, we’ll need to make an addition to the previous policy. 113. To query data about one or more S3 buckets that Amazon Macie monitors and analyzes for your account. Apr 6, 2023 · Create an S3 bucket with encryption and server access logging enabled. Sep 2, 2021 · S3. You can use SRR to create one or more copies of your data in the same AWS Region. The push mechanism offers benefits such as lower operational overhead, lower costs, and automated scaling. An example could not be found in GitHub. You choose a class depending on your use case Explanation in CloudFormation Registry. For an example of this output, expand the following section. This tutorial demonstrates how to: Create an Amazon S3 bucket. Jan 19, 2024 · Rules for naming Amazon S3 Multi-Region Access Points; Rules for choosing buckets for Amazon S3 Multi-Region Access Points; Create an Amazon S3 Multi-Region Access Point; Blocking public access with Amazon S3 Multi-Region Access Points; Viewing Amazon S3 Multi-Region Access Points configuration details; Deleting a Multi-Region Access Point Oct 30, 2023 · This post showcases a way to filter and stream logs from centralized Amazon S3 logging buckets to Splunk using a push mechanism leveraging AWS Lambda. With Amazon S3, you pay only for what you use. 1 and 2001:DB8:1234:5678:ABCD::1. If you are a new Amazon S3 customer, you can get started with Amazon S3 for free. Logging into AWS. The following sections describe 2 examples of how to use the resource and its parameters. Applies an Amazon S3 bucket policy to an Amazon S3 bucket. In the Buckets list, choose the name of the bucket that you want to create a lifecycle rule for. Under General configuration, view the AWS Region where your bucket will be created. $ aws s3 ls <target> [--options] For a few common options to use with this command, and examples, see Frequently used options for s3 commands. Create an S3 bucket for original images. Example 1: List all objects in a bucket. resource('s3')bucket=s3. Example 2: List objects with a specific prefix. You pay for storing objects in your S3 buckets. For more information about Amazon S3 features and pricing, see Amazon S3. Create a Lambda function that returns the object type of objects in an Amazon S3 bucket. NET. In this example, you create a bucket with folders. ahadomain. You can use S3 to store any amount of data for a wide range of use cases. Supports identity-based policies. Example 4: Specifying multiple rules. """. Configure a Lambda trigger that invokes your function when objects are uploaded to your bucket. bz2 my_images. Client. Macie2 / Client / describe_buckets. Manage the lifecycle for S3 objects. Bucket names must be between 3 (min) and 63 (max) characters long. Choose Upload a template file. You store these objects in one or more buckets, and each object can be up to 5 TB in size. The following ls command lists all of the bucket owned by the user. 168. classS3. buckets -> (list) An array of objects, one for each bucket that meets the filter criteria specified in the request. With SRR, you can set up replication at a bucket level, a shared prefix level, or an object level using S3 object tags. Create a new bucket. The rule applies to all objects with the glacier key prefix. The AWS::S3::Bucket resource creates an Amazon S3 bucket in the same AWS Region where you create the AWS CloudFormation stack. The example policy allows access to the example IP addresses 192. Set up a Lambda function to generate thumbnails. aws s3api get-bucket-cors --bucket X. Override command's default URL with the given URL. In Lifecycle rule name, enter a name for your rule. 4: S3 buckets should have server-side encryption enabled S3. Click on the “Create bucket” button. The identity is a JWT (JSON Web Token) comprised of user's identity/name and tenant's identity/user to which the user belongs. If you are using an identity other than the root user of the AWS account that owns the bucket, the calling identity must have the PutBucketPolicy permissions on the specified bucket and belong to the bucket owner's account in order to use this Mar 1, 2006 · PDF RSS. For example configurations, see Examples of S3 Lifecycle configuration. May 16, 2024 · The AWS/S3 namespace includes the following daily storage metrics for buckets. Example 5: List the N most recent objects. In addition, you must use an S3 on Outposts endpoint hostname prefix instead of s3-control. You can use Amazon S3 to store and retrieve any amount of data at any time, from anywhere. The <ID> element uniquely identifies a rule. For this reason, lifecycle_rule cannot be mixed with the external aws_s3_bucket_lifecycle_configuration resource for a given S3 bucket. It defines which AWS accounts or groups are granted access and the type of access. There is no functional distinction between the three sets. awsmacie2describe-buckets \ --criteria' {"bucketName": {"prefix":"my-S3"}}'. Jan 23, 2024 · To know more how to configure about Amazon S3 refer to the Amazon S3 – Creating a S3 Bucket. Note that the --recursive flag in the above command is necessary if you want to upload files in subfolders. IAM permissions. 5. The user credentials I am using has all the permissions to make S3 calls. Turn on debug logging. With KMS, nothing else needs to be provided for getting the object; S3 already knows how to decrypt First, you must create a group and add both Mary and Carlos to the group. In this example, the S3 bucket is located in us-gov-east-1. The following example shows how you can download an Amazon S3 bucket policy, make modifications to the file, and then use put-bucket-policy to apply the modified bucket policy. 6: Amazon S3 permissions granted to other AWS accounts in bucket policies should be restricted The following code examples show you how to perform actions and implement common scenarios by using the AWS SDK for Java 2. You can easily push and pull data with S3 using the AWS SDK. AWS S3 is the object storage service provided by AWS. 0. There are two types of buckets: general purpose buckets and directory buckets. For example, you can use S3 Versioning and S3 Replication for disaster recovery, S3 Lifecycle to manage storage costs, and S3 Object Lock to meet compliance requirements. Creating an Amazon S3 bucket for website hosting and with a DeletionPolicy. Test your function, first with a dummy event, and then using the trigger. The use of slash depends on the path argument type. You then create Amazon Identity and Access Management IAM users in your Amazon Web Services account and grant those users incremental permissions on your Amazon S3 bucket and the folders in it. Your bucket policy would need to list permissions for each account individually. If the path is a S3Uri, the forward slash must always be used. Under Bucket type, choose General purpose. The following code examples show you how to perform actions and implement common scenarios by using the AWS Command Line Interface with Bash script with Amazon S3. aws s3 can easily do it with aws s3 sync command while the s3api has to do it the hard way. Bucket names must not be formatted as an IP address (for example, 192. Step 1: Login into the Amazon account with your credentials and search form S3 and click on the S3. While actions show you how to call individual service functions, you can see actions in context in their related scenarios and cross-service examples. Amazon S3 monitoring and auditing best practices. Example 3: Tiering down storage class over an object's lifetime. We can either use the default KMS master key, or create a custom key in AWS and use it to encrypt the object by passing in its key id. Going forward, we’ll use the AWS SDK for Java to create, list, and delete S3 buckets. 4). Each object in Amazon S3 has a storage class associated with it. If Object Lock is turned on, bucket settings require both Mode and a period of either Days or Years. To use this example command, replace DOC-EXAMPLE-BUCKET1 with the name of your bucket. Scenario 1 SRR is an Amazon S3 feature that automatically replicates data between buckets within the same AWS Region. Apply tags to S3 buckets to allocate costs across multiple business dimensions (such as cost centers, application names, or owners), then use AWS Cost Allocation Reports to view the usage and costs aggregated by the bucket tags. You can choose to retain the bucket or to delete the bucket. . This section describes how to use the AWS SDK for Python to perform common operations on S3 buckets. After setting up the credentials, let’s use the Terraform aws_s3_bucket resource to create the first S3 bucket. Retrieves (queries) statistical data and other information about one or more S3 buckets that Amazon Macie monitors and analyzes for an account. May 30, 2023 · Example configuration: 1. There is a new API in Java SDK that allows you to iterate through objects in S3 bucket without dealing with pagination: Virtual-hosted-style requests aren't supported. This date can change when making changes to your bucket, such as editing its bucket Rule Specifies the Object Lock rule for the specified object. Bucket names must not contain two adjacent periods. A bucket is used to store objects. The following code examples show how to use Amazon S3 with an AWS software development kit (SDK). Jan 26, 2024 · We are going to cover some of the most commonly used properties when creating and configuring an S3 bucket in AWS CDK. resource( "s3" ) print ( "Hello, Amazon S3! Using Amazon S3 storage classes. See ‘aws help’ for descriptions of global parameters. Yes. For Bucket name, enter a name for your bucket. Amazon S3 offers a range of storage classes for the objects that you store. Multiple API calls may be issued in order to retrieve the entire data set of results. If an example runs successfully, Macie returns a buckets array. 2. x with Amazon S3. Using the command without a target or options lists all buckets. For each SSL connection, the AWS CLI will verify SSL certificates. The following best practices for Amazon S3 can help prevent security incidents. Amazon S3 access control lists (ACLs) enable you to manage access to buckets and objects. While actions show you how to call individual service functions, you can see actions in context in their related scenarios and This walkthrough explains how user permissions work with Amazon S3. The examples use the describe-buckets command. tar. JPG extension (JPG files) in an image folder, you would use the following command: aws s3 cp Images/ s3://[bucketname] --recursive --include "*. describe-buckets is a paginated operation. com is a dummy nonexistent domain that I used when naming the bucket in aws). Filter View. For an example command, see Describe the progress of an AMI store task. The following describe-buckets example queries metadata for all S3 buckets whose names begin with MY-S3 and are in the current AWS Region. Actions are code excerpts from larger programs and must be run in context. An object consists of data, key (assigned name), and metadata. x. Keep all default options, and then choose Next. 5: S3 buckets should require requests to use Secure Socket layer S3. 4. Note that all of the props we are going to pass to the bucket in the second example are The following code example shows how to implement a Lambda function that receives an event triggered by uploading an object to an S3 bucket. Enter a name for your stack, and then choose Next. ty mm yi py se ke uv jd gd kg